Analyzing current Fallacies; Peer Counseling on Writing Assignment

Investigating current Fallacies; Peer Counseling on Writing - Assignment Example This is a circumstance whereby when one is related with someone or is utilized to somebody, he is believed to resemble that individual and grasps his philosophy. â€Å"People imagine that epilepsy is divine basically in light of the fact that they dont have any thought what causes epilepsy. In any case, I accept that some time or another we will comprehend what causes epilepsy, and at that point, we will stop to accept that its heavenly. Thus it is with everything in the universe† This is an odd contention and therefore misleading dependent on numbness. I am not sure with this model. â€Å"We have arrived at a point today where work sparing gadgets are acceptable just when they don't toss the specialist out of his job.† This is deceptive dependent on the absence of comprehension or misguided judgment. I am sure with this case of false notion. â€Å"I had gotten excessively acclimated with the pseudo-Left new style, whereby if your adversary thought he had recognized your most reduced conceivable intention, he was very sure that he had confined the main genuine one. This obscene strategy, which is presently the standard and the standard in much non-Left news-casting also, is intended to have the impact of making any uproarious dolt into an ace analyst.† This is dirty pool contentions and accordingly misleading. I am not sure with this model. â€Å"Psychobabble endeavors to rethink the whole English language just to offer a right expression wrong. Brain science is the investigation of why somebody would attempt to do this.† This is a self-legitimization and along these lines labeled misleading. I am sure with this case of paradox. Coming up next is a case of the false notion of affiliation; ‘The Republicans are enthusiastic about this, as when they as of late attempted to portray Barack Obama as a radical since he is related with Jeremiah Wright and Bill Ayers. On the off chance that an individual knows someone with extraordinary perspectives, the suggestion goes, at that point that individual must be a radical also (www.emagill.com/blusters/eblog114a.html). Rupert Murdoch: â€Å"Maybe most Moslems [are] quiet,

Present Day Business Condition

In present day business condition, learning is the most crucial resource, information as for competition overwhelmingly concerned their bit of the general business and offer, had all the earmarks of being an agreeable volume of information. Nowadays requires information about the resistance. These information insinuate not solely to contenders bit of the general business and their offer, yet moreover to the level and structure of their costs, things and organizations quality-esteem relations, bargains volume, degree of activities, cash streams, liquidity, dissolvability and profitability. Building information structure that sponsorships the organization and essential authority, and that can be a wellspring of forceful edge, is anything but a basic task. Issue is the best approach to get quality and supportive information. In the current business center, there are gigantic measures of things and associations open to satisfy the necessities of people and affiliations. Your capacity to see and misuse the highlights and related great conditions of your thing or preferred position and show how it is exceptional or better than anything the opposition will furnish you with a connected with edge. The edge or supported edge will equip your firm with the instruments to: Augmentation courses of action and bit of the pie. Overhaul general earnings for a given timespan in new or existing markets. Confirmation your endurance in to a great degree focused markets. Become hard-to-duplicate progressing blends. An Aggressive EDGE : To begin, you should store up every last one of the information collected about your objective exhibit plans, clients, things and contenders. Recorded diverse market structure parts is a structure of the unmistakable market plan sections you should concentrate to recognize your engaged edge. Each affiliation must have no shy of what one perfect situation to enough battle in the market. On the off chance that an affiliation can't remember one or basically doesn't have it, contenders before long beat it and force the business to leave the market. There are different approaches to manage accomplish the perfect position anyway just two key sorts of it: cost or division advantage. An affiliation that can accomplish power in cost or parcel can offer clients the things at chop down expenses or with progressively raised measure of separation or all the more all, can battle with its foes. Establishment: Right off the bat the conspicuous verification of your affiliation's characteristics and inadequacies is a basic task that ought to be capable before any engaged edge can be made. The mighty edge your firm picks will rely on the reasons your client will purchase a specific thing or association. An advantage suggests you bring to the table a couple of things your adversaries don't. You need to perceive what it is your opponents progress nicely, and don't progress nicely. For instance, if your opposition has one formula that different clients go to that burger joint for, basically emulating their condition won't add to your high ground. Rather than attempting to duplicate your enemy's motivations of interest, strengthen your own particular to make a one of a kind strategy of attributes that can't be imitated. There's no persuading inspiration to select some person to do what you can do yourself, anyway consider utilizing research firms to discover data that isn't wholeheartedly open. Here are a few instruments you can use to make sure about compelling data. Online yields are a brisk technique for finding strong data. In any case, this pursuit will basically give data that has been made open. On region perspective on the contender's halting region, client association, volume and instance of providers' vehicles, and so forth can yield huge data about the condition of the contender's business. Frameworks and get-togethers can yield a lot of information about contenders and things. Research studies and center social event meets by and large give all the more all around viewpoints from an obliged case. Intense benchmarking is utilized to look at the association's activities against those of its foes. In making explicit associations inside an industry, an alliance snatches data about standard publicizing rehearses, accessible workforce, and providers. Issues to Increase Aggressive Edge over your Rival in Business: Competition is amazing. Without a doubt, a sound competition instigates you to work increasingly wonderful with the favorable circumstances you have. To do hence, use your social event's charming endowments and fabricate a business contenders wouldn't set out test. In spite of whether particular relationship in your industry endeavor to subvert your costs and take your clients, mull over ways they can engage your startup to create.Keeping up an imperative partition from nonattendance of concern. Sole providers in an industry immediately quit advancing essentially considering the way that they never again have any need to. Deplorably, they incidentally base on keeping up the present circumstance. Contenders have a propensity for keeping you on your toes.Building image clout. Make it your central target to create as the essential star in your space of limit. Your get-together of people will esteem your idea master and norm ally pick you over different merchants.Making care. Foes constrain you to survey your attributes and insufficiencies. Utilize your superpowers to make a progressively remarkable spurring power to clients. Handle your weaknesses and discover approaches to manage defeat them.Enabling parcel. Contenders will reliably try to offer better client advantage, thing quality and progressing. In sound markets, purchasers will request the best answers for their particular needs. Disengage your duties with the objective of impacting massive spurring power for the clients you to serve.Mishandling industry plans. Conflict signals solid customer inquire. It offers support to what you are doing. In new markets, this is a chance to impel a making structure that will get purchasers and the media amped up for your work.Molding surprising affiliations. Make affiliations along with similar affiliations. Trade improvement and mechanical congregations, grow the general market, cross push each other's thing s and team up on novel research to teach buyers. Maybe one day, you may converge with, or get, your most essential adversary.Shared learning. Watch the obstruction deliberately. The learning and assets they have might be both supported and unquestionable over yours. Suitably get from how they direct and develop their endeavor. After a short time, you will find approaches to manage apply those exercises understands how to your business.Narrowing down a specialty. Some individual will dependably be better than you at something †and that is alright. Clients legitimize the best things and associations to satisfy their individual needs. To make a beneficial business, center your endeavors around making a littler piece of the general market astoundingly happy. By narrowing your specialty, you build up a strong edge that deflects advance contention.Masterminding entire arrangement. Without contenders, most firms lose all capacity to peruse a compass in the standard exercise of keeping up their business. As different affiliations join the market, you should begin testing yourself to achieve more.Sorting out client needs. Rather than concentrating your significance on outperforming the limitation, place resources into advancing toward a client driven alliance. In this way, you will help purchaser unwavering quality and effectively shield against ground-breaking providers or vendors objective on taking your customers. Continuously end, it is your clients †not your rival †who can address the picking minute your business.

Ice Storm of 1998 in Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick

Ice Storm of 1998 in Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick For six days in January 1998, freezing precipitation covered Ontario, Quebec and New Brunswick with 7-11 cm (3-4 in) of ice. Trees and hydro wires fell and utility shafts and transmission towers descended causing gigantic force blackouts, some for up to a month. It was the most costly catastrophic event in Canada. As indicated by Environment Canada, the ice tempest of 1998 legitimately influenced a larger number of individuals than some other past climate occasion in Canadian history. Date January 5-10, 1998 Area Ontario, Quebec and New Brunswick, Canada Size of the Ice Storm of 1998 What could be compared to freezing precipitation, ice pellets, and a little snow was twofold past significant ice storms.The zone secured was huge, reaching out from Kitchener, Ontario through Quebec to New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, and furthermore covering pieces of New York and New England.Most freezing precipitation goes on for a couple of hours. In the ice tempest of 1998, there were over 80 hours of freezing precipitation, about twofold the yearly normal. Losses and Damage from the Ice Storm of 1998 28 individuals passed on, numerous from hypothermia.945 individuals were injured.Over 4 million individuals in Ontario, Quebec and New Brunswick lost power.About 600,000 individuals needed to leave their homes.130 power transmission towers were pulverized and in excess of 30,000 utility shafts fell.Millions of trees fell, and increasingly kept on dampening and fall for the remainder of the winter.The assessed cost of the ice storm was $5,410,184,000.By June 1998, around 600,000 protection claims totaling more than $1 billion were documented. Rundown of Ice Storm of 1998 Freezing precipitation began on Monday, January 5, 1998, as Canadians were beginning back to work after the Christmas holidays.The storm covered everything in polished ice, making all types of transportation treacherous.As the tempest proceeded, layers of ice developed, burdening electrical cables and posts, and causing enormous force outages.At the stature of the ice storm, 57 networks in Ontario and 200 in Quebec proclaimed a catastrophe. In excess of 3 million individuals were without power in Quebec and 1.5 million in Eastern Ontario. Around 100,000 individuals went into shelters.By Thursday, January 8, the military was gotten to help clear flotsam and jetsam, give clinical help, empty occupants, and peddle entryway to-entryway to ensure individuals were protected. They additionally attempted to reestablish power.Power was reestablished in most urban zones surprisingly fast, however numerous provincial networks languished over any longer. Three weeks after the start of the tempes t, there were as yet 700,000 individuals without power.Farmers were particularly hard hit. About a fourth of Canadas dairy bovines, 33% of the cropland in Quebec and a quarter in Ontario were in the influenced zones. Milk preparing plants were closed, and around 10 million liters of milk must be dumped.Much of the sugar hedge utilized by Quebec maple syrup makers were for all time devastated. It was evaluated that it would take 30 to 40 years before syrup creation could come back to ordinary.

A Fathers Role in the Damaged Masculinity of Giovannis Room - Literature Essay Samples

Throughout Giovanni’s Room, Baldwin makes a series of references to David’s sense of fabricated manhood or masculinity impressed upon him by his father. In the first chapters, David alludes to the hollow jocularity between father and son. This hyperbolized masculinity from his father leads to the formation of David’s fervid belief in archetypal manhood, inducing his unconscious, lifelong pursuit of an ideal masculinity. This pursuit ultimately becomes one of the driving forces behind his actions for the remainder of the novel. Though nameless, Davids father is the sole archetypal â€Å"man† in the entire novel, and therefore is the only model whom the young David has to form his own perceptions of what it truly means to be a â€Å"man.† In Davids childhood, Davids father was distant, and the times David interacted with him, any paternal instincts were veiled under a mask of fraternal companionship, not fatherhood: â€Å"We were not like father and son, my father sometimes proudly said, we were like buddies. I think my father sometimes actually believed this. I did not. I did not want to be his buddy; I wanted to be his son† (16). As a result, David was forced to interpret and form his own understandings of masculinity, and with no true guiding examples at his disposal, his ideologies became steeped in fictitious stereotypes of manhood. In later stages of the novel, David’s latent search for true manhood is undeniable. His homosexual relationship with Giovanni threatens his preconceived notions of what it means to be a man, and as a direct result he retreats back to the safety of Hella’s bosom in a vain attempt to conform to his archetypal view of a perfect manhood and patriarchy. There was only one moment of true paternal sentiment, a moment that David seems to view as the only normal interaction he ever had with his father. After the car crash in the beginning of the novel, when David is in the hospital, his father, in a rare moment of what could either be viewed as weakness or strength, finally hints at his buried paternal love for his son through a simple touch of David’s forehead. â€Å"Don’t cry, he said, Don’t cry. He stroked my forehead with that absurd handkerchief as though it possessed some healing charm† (18). In a metaphorical sense, the handkerchief did indeed hold a sense of alleviation for David, but his father’s admission of fatherhood was too late. David’s ideological views on masculinity had already cemented themselves in his mind. This latent longing for an archetypal manhood is most pronounced in David’s internal struggle over his relationship with Giovanni. He longs for the sense of intimacy he feels when together with the young man; however, his consciousness causes him to balk. While a sense of social correctness was undoubtedly a factor in Davids hesitation, Baldwin alludes to David’s terror of his carefully constructed sense of masculinity being shattered as the true reason behind his eventual flight from Giovanni. David hints at the realization of his fears when speaking of his relationship with the Italian: â€Å"I invented in myself a kind of pleasure in playing the housewife after Giovanni had gone to work †¦.. But I am not a housewife men can never be housewives† (88). David’s previously unbeknownst discomfort about his role in their relationship manifested itself instantaneously; he began to see himself the light of a wife, and it was this notion which eventually threatened his view of masculinity to the extent that he saw no other option than to flee from Giovanni’s grasp in order to preserve his idealistic sense of manhood. After his flight back to Hella, David’s superfluous rants to her about the immorality and impurity of homosexuals only serve to heighten the sense that he feels the need to overcompensate for the the crushing blow his fragile sense of masculinity took whilst living under Giovanni’s roof. When speaking of Guillaume, David reviles his character, denigrating both his personality and sexuality: â€Å"But listen, I said to Hella, He was just a disgusting old fairy. Thats All he was† (150). It is as if David feels that the only way to reconcile his manhood following his bout of ideologically immoral behavior is by vocally denouncing it. Yet his tactic only serves to confirm Hella’s suspicions of his true nature, begging a specific question: was that David’s unconscious intention? Throughout the book, David grapples with his inner struggle between bridled passion for Giovanni and his sheltering sense of carefully crafted masculinity; however, after the dis solution of David and Giovanni’s relationship, the reader is forced to speculate as to whether David has (consciously or not) chosen between the two. As his last hope for a future of an archetypal manhood walks out of his life, David is noticeably unapologetic and reticent; he has the demeanor of a man who has resigned himself to his fate. As he describes the scene, â€Å"I took her hand, it was cold and dry like her lips. Goodbye Hella† (166). That inner battle is universal; the struggles between personal sentiments and societal norms plague society as a whole, making Baldwin’s unfulfilled conclusion all the more disconcerting to the reader. Left conflicted about David’s choice between archetypal normalcy and true nature, the reader must turn inwards to find resolution to Baldwin’s uncertain conclusion. Is nature truly greater than nurture? Will our minds unconsciously choose for us regarding decisions that are beyond our conscious control? Is our own inner sense of how the world should be strong enough to alter our own reality?

Coleridges The Rime of the Ancient Mariner Essay

Coleridges The Rime of the Ancient Mariner Coleridges poem The Rime of the Ancient Mariner is wrote in a way that the reader is expected to temporarily allow him or herself to believe it to be able to understand it. The poem itself is about a Mariner who is telling his tale of sin and forgiveness by God to a man referred to as the Wedding Guest. The Mariner is supposedly responsible for the death of all of the crew on his ship because of his killing of a creature which was to bring them the wind that they needed to put power into the sails of the ship. The whole point of the poem is to encourage or convince the reader to believe the tale that Coleridge tells. Coleridge wrote the poem as a means to induce the reader with what he†¦show more content†¦Until he began to pray and ask for forgiveness the crews souls couldnt enter Heaven but one he did the curse was broken, his life was saved, and Angels came down from Heaven and took the crews souls with them. He had become a saved man. The whole point of the story becomes clear in the following lines. Farewell, farewell! but this I tell To thee, thou Wedding Guest! He prayeth well, who loveth well Both man and bird and beast. He prayeth best, who loveth best All things both great and small; For the dear God who loveth us, He made and loveth all. The Mariner, whose eye is bright, Whose beard with age is hoar, Is gone: and now the Wedding Guest Turned from the bridegrooms door. He went like one that hath been stunned, And is of sense forlorn: A sadder and a wiser man, He rose the morrow morn. (610-625) In these closing lines Coleridge basically sums up the whole poem. Here he is telling the Wedding Guest all about how to live a good life with God and to respect all things that God creates (which is everything). The Mariner is doing his teaching of what he learned on his voyage in these lines. It tells how the Wedding Guest left after hearing the entire Mariners tale and left a wiser man. What this meant is that he left understanding the Mariners words and learned from the Mariners mistakes. The Mariner had done his job in retelling his tale. Coleridge did a good job ofShow MoreRelatedEssay about Coleridges Rime of the Ancient Mariner1578 Words   |  7 PagesColeridges Rime of the Ancient Mariner In Coleridge’s Rime of the Ancient Mariner the reader finds an enduring tale. Although the poem is nearly 200 years old it remains a popular piece by way of the novel juxtapositions and contradictions that are so eloquently described that the reader is both drawn in by the logic of the descriptions as well as fascinated by the complete unreality depicted in the poem. It is highly unlikely anyone could claim an understanding of the events told by theRead MoreCritical Analysis of Coleridges The Rime of the Ancient Mariner2466 Words   |  10 Pagescomplex web of themes and symbols within the seemingly simple plot line of The Rime of the Ancient Mariner. The story of the seafarer with the glittering eye (1.13) and his puzzling tale at sea told to an unwilling listener, the Wedding Guest, unfolds into a multifaceted array of planned sequences, heavy religious undertones, and hints at a biographical account of Coleridges past. If one reads The Rime of the Ancient Mariner simply as a tale at sea, the poem stands as a remarkable one with its continuousRead MoreColeridges in The Rime of the Ancient Mariner and Kubla Khan816 Words   |  4 Pages How Does Coleridge in The Rime of the Ancient Mariner and Kubla Khan Show the Interrelatedness Between Mankind, Nature and the Poetic Experience? Coleridge expresses many thoughtful and rather intense ideas in his poetry, through using either peculiar or common images of all forms of nature ie human, environmental or supernatural. His poetic expression is unique in its use of extraordinary imagery and transition of mood yet he what he creates usually conforms to numerous literary techniquesRead MoreThe connection of man and nature in The Rime of the Ancient Mariner Coleridges poem The Rime of800 Words   |  4 PagesThe connection of man and nature in The Rime of the Ancient Mariner Coleridges poem The Rime of the Ancient Mariner can be interpreted in many different ways regarding the question of the relationship between the man and the nature. According to Geoffrey H. Hartman Coleridges poem traces the dim and perilous way of a soul that has broken with nature and feels the burdenous guilt of selfhood (48). Robert Penn Warren explains his perception and â€Å"the primary theme in this poem as the theme ofRead More Comparing Nature in Wordsworth’s Ruined Cottage, and Coleridge’s Rime of the Ancient Mariner2911 Words   |  12 PagesComparing the Representation of Nature in Wordsworth’s Ruined Cottage, and Coleridge’s Rime of the Ancient Mariner For most poets of the Romantic Age, nature played an invaluable role in their works. Man’s existence could be affected and explained by the presence and portrayal of the external nature surrounding it. William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge are no different from the other Romantic poets, and their works abound with references to nature and its correlation toRead MorePortends of Ill-Gotten Plans in Coleridges Kubla Khan and Rime of the Ancient Mariner2525 Words   |  10 PagesThe Rime of the Ancient Mariner. Kubla Khans notoriety is partly due to the fact that the poem was written while Coleridge was under the influence of opium. The drugs influence on Coleridge is apparent in the poems style, which not only gives insight into Coleridges state of mind, but also gives the poem an overall dreamlike quality. The Rime of the Ancient Mariner is also said to have been written while Coleridge was under the influence of opium. Like Kubla Khan, The Rime of the An cient MarinerRead MoreContent and Theme of Mary Shelleys Frankenstein Rivaled to Samuel Coleridge’s Rime of the Ancient Mariner974 Words   |  4 PagesContent and theme of Frankenstein rivaled to Rime of the Ancient Mariner English novelist Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein and English poet Samuel Coleridge’s The Rime of the Ancient Mariner share very closely tied themes respectively in their own literary worlds. Through both novel and poem, in the eyes of each Victor Frankenstein and the Mariner three themes recur within. Knowledge, Frankenstein is addicted to knowledge in younger pursuits. 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Many messages can be derived from Samuel Coleridge’s poem, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, three of these messages include living your life thoughtfully, all life is precious, and treat all life with respect. One message from Samuel Coleridge’s poem, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, is to live your life thoughtfully. This story supports the idea that all actions that you takeRead MoreThe Rime Of The Ancient Mariner1290 Words   |  6 Pages he Rime of the Ancient Mariner† shows many accounts of religious imagery which was used by Samuel Taylor Coleridge to add to the work as a whole. When Coleridge wrote ‘The Rime Of The Ancient Mariner, Coleridge s faith was going down hill and he didn t have a clear view of the path he wanted to go down. In this view, â€Å"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner† can be read as an analogy of the voyage of Coleridge’s search for a Christian God. By the end of the poem, it looks like Coleridge never finds

The Effects Of Divorce On A Family - 1489 Words

Divorce is a significant stressor for an individual and the family. Divorce has immediate consequences on the family structure and affects the psychological and social construct of a family going through divorce (McManus Nussbaum, 2011, p. 501). There is no doubt that families involved in divorce procedures have a challenging road ahead of them in terms of adapting to a new normal. Depending on the circumstances of the divorce, communication is a central component of minimizing the stress associated with a divorce taking place within a family. Divorce is often linked to negativity and downgraded relationships throughout the family unit- particularly with respect to children (Thomas, Booth†Butterfield, M., Booth†Butterfield, S.,†¦show more content†¦Theoretical Discussion Societal divorce rates remain at all-time high rates. There is research that indicates that the reason for such large numbers of divorce is multi-factorial and involves cultural, relational and interactional features (Graham, 1997, p 351). In addition to those factors, communicative abilities also influence the likelihood of a divorce (Graham, 1997, p 351). The theory of this paper is to review the communication abilities of not just the people going through the divorce, but its effect on the entire family. Multiple conceptualizations exist regarding the adjustment to divorce and the role that communication plays within this adjustment. It is important to remember that adjustment consists of multi-faceted emotional, psychological, and psychosocial processes that can influence the deterioration or strengthening of relationships during a divorce (Supratman, 2017, p. 2). These factors include ambiguity and relational closeness; physiological responses; and social support systems or apparatus. Ambiguity and Relational Closeness Divorces happen at high rates and, many times, divorces often affect marriages with children (McManus Nussbaum, 2011, p. 501). During the divorce, it is common to find that parents are less committed to particular stances and may rely on ambiguity more often in their comments (McManus Nussbaum, 2011, p. 501). This use of ambiguity has the ability to affect the overall relationalShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Divorce In The Family912 Words   |  4 PagesDivorce changes the family unit The family is an important part of our life, it is where we belong and where we get our identities from. For me, family means people that love each other, a strong connection and a long lasting relationship. The family is the most important value who shaped my life. The traditional family means parents, children, and relatives. In our days there are a significantly changes that affect the family unit. One of the frequent changes is divorce. The raisingRead MoreDivorce and its effects on family4847 Words   |  20 Pagesï » ¿ Divorce and its effects on family Kirsten Jackson University of Maryland Eastern Shore Divorce is defined as â€Å"the formal dissolution of marriage† (Collins, 1978, p. 1). Nearly half of marriages end in divorce. There could be various reasons as to why a relationship diminishes. These reasons could include premarital cohabitation or in other words living together before marriage, marrying at a young age, and finally the presence of children. All three of these reasons are saidRead MoreThe Effects Of Divorce On Family Members1706 Words   |  7 PagesDivorce affects family members in many different ways, both positive and negative. While many children can foster healthy relationships post-divorce, some may experience challenges maintaining future relationships after dealing with their parents divorce. How can parent do this to their child? One of the most important thing is to teach your child about building a relationship so they can be positive and can have positive thinking about getting married to have a family on their and work thingsRead MoreEssay on E ffects of Divorce on the Family2266 Words   |  10 PagesEffects of Divorce on the Family Statistics of the Stepfamily Foundation suggest that about one out of every two marriages ends in divorce and more American children will most likely be living in a stepfamily situation in the year 2000. Most parents agree that a divorce of a family has a negative effect on children and stepfamilies are harder on a childs development than living in a nuclear family. Dr. Judith Wallerstein has studied 25 years of the effects of a divorce on 26 children. SheRead More The Effects of Divorce on Children and Families Essay1604 Words   |  7 PagesThe Effects of Divorce on Children and Families Society is always rushing, hurrying, and trying to beat the clock. Deadlines and overtime seem to be a topic in everyday conversation. How is it possible that so much can be accomplished in just a short amount of time? What seems to be lacking? What is cut out of people’s everyday life? Frank Furedi in his book â€Å"Culture of Fear,† discusses many issues that are facing our society today. One of the issues he has written about is interpersonal relationshipsRead MoreThe Divorce And Its Effects On The Family And Women s Rights937 Words   |  4 Pagesprescribed by law, divorce is the termination of that relationship. Family capital cell of society, the marriage was not a personal matter but also social problems. As the divorce rate so high and growing, the divorce is no longer a story of two people who become social phenomena Divorced can because of numerous reasons, each couple decides to divorce also comes from many different causes. But can easily identify some basic reasons. First of all, have to mention the causes of family violence, 65 -75%Read MoreMy Parents Divorce And Its Effect On My Family1866 Words   |  8 Pages Whenever I hear people talking about divorce, or hear phrases such as â€Å"broken family† I want to either comfort or correct the person. I am able to set aside the sliver of pain that resides in the back of my head and realize all the wonderful things that have come out of my parent’s separation. I was pretty young when my parents started to have constant arguments but never really put the pieces together on my own. My worst childhood memories are not of scraped knees or broken bones but a broken heartRead MoreThe Effects Of Divorce On Children From Divorced Parents And Intact Families Essay1590 Words   |  7 PagesWith divorce rates rising over the years, over 50 percent of marriages will end in a divorce. Is this high divorce rate affecting the children from these divorced families, and if so how is it affecting the children? Or what if a married couple who is unhappy decides to stay together for the children? How does an intact but unhappy family affect the child ren? So to answer your questions Dr. Phil, I have put together a report from many different books, articles and studies on the effects on a childRead MoreThe Effects of Parental Relationship and Parent-Child Relationship on Adolescents’ Self-Esteem in Divorce Family5062 Words   |  21 PagesThe Effects of Parental Relationship and Parent-Child Relationship on Adolescents’ Self-esteem in Divorce Family Abstract Past western researches have shown support on the associations of parental and parent-child relationships towards adolescents’ self-esteem (SE) in intact and divorce families. Some theories attributed that the qualities of these relationships do have influences on how adolescent evaluate themselves. Our research proposal will analyze the effects of these two relationshipsRead MoreHow Divorce Has Changed Changing Society1491 Words   |  6 Pagesanalyze correlation, causation, and effect. One topic that has benefited from the use of statistics to measure its effects is divorce. Divorce is defined as the legal process of dissolving a marriage, thus separating two individuals (Merriam). From generation to generation, divorce has been on a steady increase. The annual rate of divorce more than doubled between the mid-1960s and the early 1980s (Croteau). As of recent, statistics show an increase in divorce rates from less than 20% to nearly 50%

Waste Manageemnt in Namibia free essay sample

I am further extending my appreciation to my siblings for their support and encouragement. I would also like to give thanks to my friends for support and encouragement, and to give special thanks to Mr Leonard Haindongo for his assistance with data collection. Many thanks to my respondents from the following town municipalities and councils for their valuable contributions to my research: Luderitz Town Council, Mariental Town Municipality, Ongwediva Town Council, Ondangwa Town Council, Oshakati Town Council, Otjiwarongo Municipality, Swakopmund Municipality, Windhoek Municipality, as well as the Oranjemund Town Management Company. At the national level, the environment is threatened by unsafe waste disposal, which is detrimental to the environmental integrity and posing health hazards. Waste management is important aspect of environmental management in Namibia, due to the fact that waste is a threat to the integrity of the environment. Waste is among the so called ‘brown problems’, which strongly affects poor people in urban areas. Challenges for managing waste in Namibia are: lack of institutional capacities in some towns to deal with some of the serious waste problems, limited capacity to manage waste and to control pollution, and financial constraints. The disposal of solid and liquid wastes is a concern in Namibia, especially that waste has some implications in sustainable development. Therefore waste management has become a concern for the Namibian government. The study presented herein has investigated the current status of municipal waste management in Namibia, using Windhoek as a case study. Namibian towns, especially Windhoek are challenged by the increasing population, the link between waste and socio-economic development, as well as increasing amounts of waste generated which puts pressure on disposal facilities. At the moment, some town management systems seem to be ineffective in addressing waste management for the purpose of preventing and minimizing waste in order to reduce environmental impacts that may result due to increasing waste volumes. It was deemed necessary to develop a waste management system that could be implemented by 10 all towns. Moreover, sound waste management needs to be encouraged in Namibia. The overall aim of this research was to investigate how waste is being managed at the municipal level in Namibia, in order to recommend a possible system for handling waste across urban Namibia in future. The methodology employed for this research comprised of: literature survey, use of questionnaire, personal interviews, on-site data gathering and data analysis. The researcher worked closely with various town municipalities in Namibia in order to get an idea of how waste is being managed at the municipal level. The towns where the surveys were conducted Oranjemund, are: Luderitz, Mariental, Oshakati, and Ongwediva, The Ondangwa, researcher Otjiwarongo, Swakopmund Windhoek. conducted an empirical research that is both qualitative and quantitative, presenting original research findings. As part of the design, a case study research was used as an approach to establish an understanding of the concerned situation (waste management at the municipal level) by being focused on Windhoek instead of generalizing. Primary data were collected for this research; however, secondary data from past studies were also used for the purpose of quantification. For the purpose of selecting the study population, the stratified purposive sampling method was used. Out of 31 towns of Namibia, 11 (35. 5%) were selected, of which only 9 (29. 03%) actively participated in the research. Such a proportion was deemed valid because it gave an idea of how waste is managed in Namibia in general, particularly because a case study research design was also involved, which presented a broader view on waste management systems. This helped the researcher to achieve the research aim. To analyze the data, the researcher summarized the qualitative data collected from various towns, which helped to understand them better and interpret them. In terms of quantitative data, the researcher gathered numerical data, particularly with respect to waste generation, from which waste indicators were calculated. This information helped the researcher to propose a waste management system for Namibia and to answer the research question. 11 However, the researcher could not obtain data on industrial and commercial waste, since they are handled by private companies. Such information is not publicly shared. Overall, waste is handled by a wide range of stakeholders i. e. those individuals, authorities, institutions and organizations that have a stake in waste production and management. It is also important to realize that handling of waste is a legal issue as far as waste management is concerned. Therefore policies, laws are regulations are developed to regulate waste management at the national, regional and international levels The definitions of waste as a single term vary from country to country. In the Namibian context, waste is referred to as any matter whether gaseous, solid or liquid or any combination thereof, which is from time to time listed by the Minister by notice in the Gazette or by regulation as an undesirable or superfluous byproduct, emission, residue or a remainder of any process or activity (EMA, 2007). The following waste management strategies are implemented in efforts to manage waste and for the purpose of reducing the environmental impacts of waste: 1) prevention of waste generation, 2) waste recovery (recycling, re-use and waste treatment) and 3) disposal of waste in an environmentally safe manner. This is referred to as the waste management hierarchy, and it emphasizes that waste prevention should be an ultimate goal for any approach to waste management; after which the other options (recycling, re-use and treatment) can follow. Waste management being one of the approaches to environmental management should be aiming towards sustainable development, the development that aims to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generation to meet their own needs through sustainable use of natural resources. The management of waste is now moving towards a more holistic and sustainable approach, with much emphasis being placed on the environmental impacts of waste materials and products throughout their lifetimes. Sustainable use of 12 resources as an approach to waste management is promoted by the Namibian Environmental Management Act No. 7 of 2007. As a result of this approach, volumes of waste generated are reduced through improved waste prevention measures, improved resource efficiency and a shift to more sustainable consumption patterns. With responsible waste management stakeholders and legal frameworks in place, implementation of waste management strategies can be a success story. Municipal waste is the waste collected by municipalities independently of the source of waste. It includes waste originated from households, small businesses, institutions and communities. Knowing the statistics on municipal waste being produced and managed from various sources of origin is therefore essential for the purpose of monitoring, decision-making as well as for the development of waste policies. In terms of recycling, at least 88. 9% of the towns that were surveyed practice recycling of waste materials. Those are mainly the towns that have recycling companies or projects. The towns that do not have recycling companies do a local collection of waste materials that are sent to other towns or abroad for recycling. Although re-use is one of the waste recovery strategies, not all towns use it. Treatment of waste as a waste management principle is practiced in all the towns that were contacted for this study. The common type of waste being treated is wastewater/sewage. Apart from wastewater treatment, medical waste is also treated in Oranjemund and Windhoek through incineration. In Windhoek, incineration of medical waste is done by the Ministry of Health and Social Services, after which the Windhoek Municipality takes care of the residue. In all the towns that were contacted, there are organized methods of collecting waste from households, which are transported to landfill sites for disposal. Noteworthy, the landfills differ in types, sizes and in potentials to threaten the 13 environment. Waste materials being disposed of at the disposal sites in various towns include: household waste, building rubbles, garden refuse, industrial waste, hospital waste and general waste. Hazardous waste is disposed of at specially engineered landfill sites. Given the fact that handling of waste is a legal issue, the Environmental Management Act of Namibia has set a law that no waste should be discarded at any waste disposal site that has not been declared or approved by the Minister of Environment and Tourism. Namibia? s economy depends largely on the wealth and exploitation of natural resources. Thus it is important to promote sound environmental management, which is essential for the protection of resources. South environmental management is also necessary for reducing negative environmental impacts and in fact for economic growth. In terms of the socio-economy, high unemployment, poverty, income inequality, pandemic HIV and AIDS, and lack of skills are the major challenges in Namibia. In essence, waste should be managed in Namibia in order to reduce waste generation and to avoid negative environmental impacts. This is mainly due to the increasing population and economic activities, which play a role in waste generation. Waste management in Namibia is a responsibility of all residents, local authorities, government ministries, private sector and businesses. This study has identified a number of waste management stakeholders identified in different towns of Namibia. Nevertheless, waste management remains a priority for the government, with different government ministries being involved in formulating policies and strategies for dealing with waste and its management. The municipal waste is handled by town municipalities and councils, with support from private contractors. The Division of Solid Waste Management within the City of Windhoek is acknowledged for keeping Windhoek the cleanest town in Africa. It ensures that 14 all waste generated is collected, transported and disposed of. Waste generated from households is collected by this division. Business waste is collected by both the Solid Waste Management Division and private companies, while the waste generated from industrial areas and from open spaces is specifically collected by individual contractors and private companies. In terms of waste disposal in Windhoek, there are six general landfill sites that are referred to as ‘satellite sites’. Garden refuse and building rubbles are disposed of at those sites. The satellite sites located in various locations within the Windhoek municipal area, namely: Havana, Khomasdal, Pioneerspark, Eros, Olympia and Ludwigsdorf. Approximately 169,915. 4 tons (84,957. 2 m3) of building rubbles and 26,442. 23 tons (88,170. 75 m3) of garden refuse were disposed of at the satellite sites in 2008. On average approximately 14,159. 54 tons (7079. 7 m3) of building rubbles and 2,204. 27 tons (7347. 56 m3) of garden refuse were disposed of per month. In addition, approximately 119,916 tons (59,958 m3) of sand and fill were disposed there in 2008, with an average of 10,970 tons (5,485 m3) disposed per month. Apart from the disposal of garden waste and building rubbles, general and hazardous wastes are disposed of at a specially engineered landfill site known as Kupfer berg that is located about 11 km from the city centre. At this site, two separate cells are used for the purpose of waste disposal. The general wastes generated from households, commercial and industrial activities are disposed of in the general cell; while the hazardous wastes are disposed of in the hazardous cell. In order to prevent any leakage of leachate from contaminating the soil and ground water, the site is lined with some layers. This study has found that roughly an amount of 229. 48 kg of the general waste was disposed per capita per year in 2008, while the amount of hazardous waste disposed per capita per year was 16. 8 kg. 15 Recycling as a waste management strategy is practiced in Windhoek. Various recyclable materials are collected from the landfill sites, including: papers, cartons, plastics, glasses and cans. These are compacted and weighed, then transported to the recycling companies. The recycling companies have to ensure that all recyclable materials are semi-processed, after which they are packaged and send to South Africa for recycling, since there is currently no recycling plant in Namibia. The recyclable materials collected at the Kupferberg landfill site have been divided into fractions as shown in the diagram below. Approximately 55% of the general waste is made up of non-recyclable materials, however, there is a potential for recycling other types of waste, for example, garden refuse that is accidentally disposed there. The diagram below presents the fractions of the recyclable materials being disposed of at Kupferberg, compared with the amount of nonrecyclable materials. 9% 14% Paper 4% 55% 6% 4% 7% 1% Glass Metal Carton Plastics (hard) Plastics (soft) Wood Non-recyclables Recently a recycling initiative has been started in Windhoek, that is being managed by the private sector. Such an initiative could potentially be replicated in other towns, however challenges associated with costs and transport have been experienced. Wastewater treatment in Windhoek is essential, particularly because water is a scarce commodity. For this reason, the City of Windhoek has adopted a policy of treating wastewater in order to meet the water demand needs. Currently there are 16 three water treatment plants in Windhoek, which are used to treat wastewater for consumption. At least 35% of drinking water in Windhoek is reclaimed. Waste auditing is one of the important practical aspects of waste management. The City of Windhoek conducts waste audits a bi-annual basis. Based on the household waste audits performed in 2004 and 2008, the average amount of waste generated per person per day was 0. 37 kg and 0. 49 kg respectively. However, according to the waste data collected from Windhoek households between July 2006 and March 2007, the amount of waste generated per person per day ranges between 0. 604 – 0. 813 kg, which is quite high and is expected to increase. Such an amount needs to be reduced. The audits conducted in 2004 and 2008 were compared, after which not so much difference was found. This led to a recommendation that waste audits should be performed every 5 years. This study identified some weaknesses concerning waste management in the towns of Namibia. Such weaknesses can be used as opportunities for improvement. In addition, reliable waste data need to be provided, as they play a significant role in waste management. Availability of such data contributes to decision-making processes, as well as to the implementation of waste management strategies. Waste indicators such as waste generated per capita need to be determined, as they are necessary to point out the problematic areas and possibilities of improvement. This study has come up with a waste indicator model, based on different waste streams in Windhoek in 2008 (see Table below). Based on this model, the amount of waste that was disposed per capita per year in Windhoek was 1,315. 51kg. This indicator was used to extrapolate the amounts disposed in other towns, as well as the total amount of waste disposed in overall urban Namibia. Given the high estimates of waste disposed per year, recycling was recommended as the best strategy for reducing such amounts. 17 Waste indicator General waste per year General waste per month General waste per capita Hazardous waste per year Hazardous waste per month Hazardous waste per capita Construction waste per year Construction waste per month Construction waste per capita Garden refuse per year Garden refuse per month Garden refuse per capita Sand fill per year Sand fill per month Sand fill per capita Estimates 67,925. 52 5,660. 46 Estimated indicators Units tonnes 230 4,970. 58 414. 22 17 169,914 14,160. 0 574. 03 26,451. 30 2204. 4 89. 36 119,916 10,970 405. 12 kg/capita/year tonnes kg/capita/year tones tones kg/capita/year tones tones kg/capita/year tones Kg/capita/year Capita Total waste per capita and year 296000 1315. 51 kg/capita/year The findings of this study suggest that the waste management system currently being used in Windhoek can be used as a model for the e ntire Namibia, as it has made it the cleanest city in Africa. Such system still have a potential to be further improved, however, it can still be considered the best-practice waste management system in Namibia. 18 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS AIDS BAT BATNEEC CBD CBO COBA COD DEA EEuP EIA ELVs EU GDP GWTP HIV ISWM ICT MAWF MDG MET MFMR MME MOHSS MRLGH MTI MWTC NBL NDP NEWS NGO NGRP Acquired Immuno deficiency Syndrome Best Available Techniques Best Available Technology Not Entailing Excessive Costs Central Business District Community Based Organisation Cost-Benefit-Analysis Chemical Oxygen Demand Directorate of Environmental Affairs Eco-design of Energy-using Products Environmental Impact Assessment End-of-Life Vehicles European Union Gross Domestic Product Gammams Wastewater Treatment Plant Human Immuno deficiency Virus Integrated Sustainable Waste Management Information Communication Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry Millenium Development Goal Ministry of Environment and Tourism Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources Ministry of Mines and Energy Ministry of Health and Social Services Ministry of Regional, Local Government and Housing Ministry of Trade and Industry Ministry of Works, Transport and Communication Namibia Breweries Limited National Development Plan Namibia Environment and Wildlife Society Non-Governmental Organisation New Goreangab Reclamation Plant 19 NMA NPC OECD OGRP OWTP REB RoHS UWTP WEEE Namibia Manufacturing Association National Planning Commission Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development Old Goreangab Reclamation Plant Otjomuise Wastewater Treatment Plant Responsible Environmental Behaviour Restriction of the Use of certain Hazardous Substances in electrical and electronic equipment Ujams Water Treatment Plant Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment 20 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1. . 1. 1. Background Waste management is one of the important aspects of environmental management in Namibia (EMA, 2007). Waste on its own is a threat to the integrity of the environment, as it can have negative environmental impacts which result from environmental threats such as air pollution, illegal dumping of waste, littering, poor sanitation, emission of green house gases, urbanization and poverty (Moningka, 2000; Henry et al. , 2006; Hope Lerokwe, 1999; UNCHS, 1996a). Negative environmental impacts that may result include groundwater contamination, health hazards, smell nuisance and environmental degradation (Moningka, 2000; WBG, 1998a). In addition, factors such as increasing population and human activities contribute to environmental problems such as poor access to safe water, poor waste management practices, poor health and environmental degradation (Henry et al. , 2006; Hope Lerokwe, 1999; UNCHS, 1996a; Walmsley Bottem, 1994). Such problems can be a consequence of increasing waste volumes. According to Hope Lerokwe (1999), the above are referred to as ‘brown problems’, and are said to be strongly affecting current generations, more especially the poor people living in urban areas. Living in such conditions threaten people’s standards of health, security and even life itself (UNCHS, 1996b). Despite the necessity to address the environmental problems, challenges are often experienced, particularly because some towns are lacking institutional capacities to deal with some of the serious problems, for example, controlling of hazardous waste (SoER, 2001; UNCHS, 1996a). The degree of environmental impacts of waste as a result of increasing populations in urban areas is a matter of concern. Of particular concern is the disposal of solid and liquid wastes, which can have negative environmental impacts such as pollution and diseases (UNCHS, 1996a). Waste products in general have negative effects on natural resources and the environment at large, 21 nd may constitute health hazards (CSA Smith, 2007; Walmsley Bottem, 1994). Consequently, waste has some implications in sustainable development. In terms of development, nations across the globe nowadays are aiming towards sustainability, whereby the concept of sustainable development needs to be applied in all aspects of developmen t, including environmental management. Namibia is not an exception to this (EMA, 2007). In the view of urban development, the concept being promoted is ‘urban sustainability’, herein defined as the level of urban development reached in an approach to development, whereby the natural and social urban environments are not compromised (Camagni et al. , 1998; Hope Lerokwe, 1999). Given its high importance and the severity of its need, waste management has become a concern for the Namibian government. For this reason, local authorities are placing increasing efforts in the management of waste across the country. To ensure urban sustainability in the towns of Namibia, various measures need to be in place, in response to the challenges posed by environmental threats, one of which is the increasing waste volumes. In the view of development, the following elements are considered as being of essence in the developmental approaches: use of policies and legal frameworks, stakeholder involvement as well as all relevant principles (Anschutzi, 1996; Aziegbe, 2007; Camagni et al. , 1998; EMA, 2007; Thomas-Hope, 1995; UNCHS, 1996a). Such elements involve actions needed to reduce the most serious problems, for example the handling of hazardous wastes from dangerous sites. They also contribute to strategies required to promote healthy and safe environments, as well as dealing with specific environmental aspects of concern in general. It is important to note that the environmental problems resulting from specific towns do not only impact those towns alone, they also affect other areas at different levels, for example at the regional and global levels (Camagni et al. , 1998). 22 The study presented herein has investigated the current status of municipal waste management in Namibia, using Windhoek as a case study. 1. 2. Problem Statement Namibia is still in its early stages of development, therefore all its developmental efforts should be considered crucial. As part of environmental management in Namibia, waste management should be placed as a priority in order to reduce negative environmental impacts. However, capacity to manage waste and to control pollution is limited (SoER, 2001). Apart from the management capacity, financial constraints are some of the limiting factors to effective waste management across the country. Namibia is arid to semi-arid, with variable rainfall, and has limited water sources; mainly ground and surface water (Dirkx et al. , 2008; Menge, 2006). These sources are at risk of contamination as a result of uncontrolled pollution and poor waste management practices. At the national level, the environment is threatened by unsafe waste disposal, which can be detrimental to the environmental integrity and can pose health hazards (CoW, 2008a; CSA Smith, 2007; SoER, 2001; UN, 2002). Not only health and environmental damage can result, unattended waste can present poor aesthetic view, causing the environment to be less visually appealing despite the fact that Namibia is a tourist destination. Furthermore, poor waste management is a threat to sustainable development and can have long-term impacts if no improvement is made (SoER, 2001). The Namibian towns, especially Windhoek are challenged by the increasing population, mostly because of people from rural areas who are searching for better standards of living (CoW, 2008a). Urban population growth in Namibia is also influenced by the migration of people from other countries, for example, the neighbouring countries of Angola and Zimbabwe, and other countries such as China that invest in business. It is clear that there is a link between waste and socio-economic development; therefore as the population increases, the amount of waste generated increases too (Henry et al. , 2006; SoER, 2001; SWMD, 2008). 23 This further puts pressure on the disposal facilities (CSA Smith, 2007). There are a number of relevant waste management principles that contribute to reduced waste volumes (Christiansen, 1999; EMA, 2007; Fatta Moll, 2003; Guiao, 2008; Jacobsen Kristofferson, 2002; STC, 2008; NEMWA, 2008; SoER, 2001; Vito Reibstein, 2008; Winchester et al. , 2002). However, it is questionable whether their values have been realized. And if so, it is questioned as to whether they are being implemented in Namibia, particularly because some town management systems seem to be ineffective when it comes to addressing waste. Individual towns need to place more efforts in the management of waste in order to prevent and minimize waste for the purpose of reducing environmental impacts that may result due to increasing waste volumes (Jacobsen Kristoffersen, 2002; WGB, 1998a). If at all possible, a waste management system that could be implemented by all towns needs to be developed. After all, Namibia can only be a better place to live provided that sound waste management is encouraged. This research attempted to answer the following question: How can Namibia maintain a well-managed system for municipal waste management in future? 1. 3. Research Aim The overall aim of this research was to investigate how waste is being managed at the municipal level in Namibia, in order to recommend a possible system for handling waste across urban Namibia in future. 1. 4. Objectives The specific objectives were to: 1. identify the principles of waste management being used in Namibia; 2. identify the stakeholders of waste management in Namibia; 24 3. establish an understanding of the waste management system in Windhoek; 4. identify areas of improvement in terms of waste management in Namibia. 1. 6. 1. 6. Methodology The researcher worked closely with various town municipalities in Namibia in order to get an idea of how waste is being managed at the municipal level. The towns where the surveys were conducted are: Luderitz, Mariental, Oshakati, Ongwediva, Ondangwa, Oranjemund, Otjiwarongo, Swakopmund and Windhoek. 1. 6. 1. 1. 6. 1. Research Design The researcher conducted an empirical research that is both qualitative and quantitative, which presented original research findings (Maree, 2008; Mouton, 2001). It is qualitative in the sense that it aimed to explore the real situation concerning waste management in various towns of Namibia. Two types of qualitative research designs were involved: action research and case study research. Action research is acknowledged as a research method that is collaborative and participatory, focusing on a practical problem experienced by participants for whom a practical solution is sought (Maree, 2008). The action research is qualitative particularly because it strongly focuses on understanding the problem and is explicitly committed to the empowerment of the participants, and will in the end contribute to changing their current situation (Mouton, 2001). The case study research was used as an approach to establish an understanding of the concerned situation (waste management at the municipal level) by focusing on a specific town instead of being general. Windhoek was selected as a case study for this research. Such an approach aimed to investigate, describe and explain the phenomenon of interest through obtaining different view points as the researcher interacted with various participants (Maree, 2008). This approach helped the researcher to develop an understanding of the dynamics of waste management systems for Windhoek, and in general. 25 Apart from obtaining the qualitative data, the research also involved an objective process, which aimed to collect numerical data from a focal population (Windhoek), in order to generalize them at a broader scale i. e. for the entire country; hence quantitative. This type of research was non-experimental since it only aimed to describe the situation at hand without being manipulative (Maree, 2008). 1. 6. 2. Data Collection Strategy Primary data were collected for this research. These are new/original data collected through the self-administered questionnaire, interviews (face-to-face and telephonically) and through personal observations as described by Maree (2008) and Newman (1999). However, secondary data from past studies were also used for the purpose of quantification. Each of the surveyed town was provided with a self-administered questionnaire that presented questions concerning the required information. These were shared with respondents electronically. When necessary, follow up questions were asked through emails or over the phone. Prior to the development of the questionnaire, the researcher approached the selected towns with a question: How is waste being managed in your town? This question was rather broad, which caused many people to find it difficult to respond. As a result, the researcher rather simplified the main question, by breaking it down to many different questions that were rather straight to the point (see Annex I). The interviews aimed to obtain rich descriptive data that helped the researcher to get broader inputs based on the participants’ knowledge (Maree, 2008). Direct observations also helped the researcher to gain some insight on the issues of interest concerning waste management, for example, how waste is collected, transported, recycled, treated and disposed. This included on-site visits. Such an approach helped to validate the data collected through other methods (Mouton, 2001). 26 1. 6. 3. Sampling Design For the purpose of selecting the study population, the stratified purposive sampling method was used. This method was used because the researcher was interested to work with participants who are knowledgeable about the waste management systems in their respective towns at the municipal level (Maree, 2008). Given their equal selection probabilities, the surveyed towns were randomly selected in order to provide the required data. Out of 31 towns of Namibia, 11 (35. %) were selected, of which only 9 (29. 03%) actively participated in the research. The researcher therefore used a proportion of 29. 0% as a representative sample to generali ze its results to the entire population. Such a proportion was deemed valid because it gave an idea of how waste is managed in Namibia in general, particularly because a case study research design was also involved, which presented a broader view on waste management systems. This helped the researcher to achieve the research aim. 1. 6. 4. Data Analysis The qualitative data collected from various towns were summarized to help the researcher to understand and interpret what could be deduced from them. With such data the researcher was able to get an insight of how waste is being handled as well as to identify the areas that need improvement. In terms of the quantitative data, the researcher gathered numerical data, particularly with respect to waste generation, from which waste indicators were calculated. This information helped the researcher to propose a waste management system for Namibia and to answer the research question. 1. 7. 1. 7. Limitations to the Research Getting an overview of waste data from different sources such as industrial waste, commercial waste and household waste, particularly the quantities of wastes generated, treated, recycled or disposed of would have added value to the findings of this study. However, the researcher could not obtain data on industrial and commercial waste, since they are handled by private companies. Such information is not publicly shared. 27 1. 8. Research Ethics . 8. This research was conducted as response to the current situation of the need to effectively manage waste as an approach to promoting urban sustainability in Namibia. The research attempted to collect all the relevant data regarding waste management in Namibia, and specifically in Windhoek which was used as a case study. The aim was to come up with recommendations on a possible system that can be applied across Namibia in future. In the end, the research findings will be shared with all relevant waste management stakeholders. The ethical issues of consideration for this research are: †¢ †¢ the identities of the questionnaire respondents have not be revealed; the dissertation has not revealed the towns that have demonstrated some weaknesses in terms of waste management practices, instead, statistics were used to present the proportions of those towns; †¢ †¢ most relevant stakeholders were consulted; and the use of other people’s work has been acknowledged (Maree, 2008; Mouton, 2001). 28 2: CHAPTER 2: THEORIES OF WASTE MANAGEMENT 2. 1. 2. 1. Introduction On a global scale, waste management is a serious environmental concern. This is due to the fact that waste is a threat to the environment, as it can have negative impacts when not managed. In fact, most cities in Southern Africa are challenged by the increasing volumes of waste (Hope Lerokwe, 1999). Waste can cause health hazards, smell nuisance, pests, diseases and other environmental problems if not well managed (Moningka, 2000). Waste from various sources such as sewers, septic tanks, pit latrines and disposal sites can also contaminate surface and groundwater, and this can adversely affect public health (CoW, undated; DWAF, 2004; Henry et al. , 2006; Winblad Simpso-Hebert, 2004). Consequently, it has become crucial for waste management to be placed as a priority especially that it is an environmental, social and economic issue (Aziegbe, 2007). Responsible waste management promotes environmental quality, contributes to sustainability and provides support to economic productions (Henry et al. , 2006). It involves implementation of measures that afford protection of human health and the environment at large, including: collection, transportation, processing, recycling, disposal, onsite handling, storage, treatment and monitoring of waste (Starkey, 1998). Waste management also involves prevention and minimization of waste (Jacobsen Kristoffersen, 2002). Furthermore it involves handling of solid, liquid, gaseous or radioactive substances that may originate from domestic, commercial or industrial activities. Overall, waste is handled by a wide range of stakeholders i. e. those individuals, authorities, institutions and organizations that have a stake in waste production and management (Anschutzi, 1996; Aziegbe, 2007; Berchtold, 2002; STC, 2008). It is also important to note that handling of waste is a legal issue as far waste management is concerned. Eventually, handling of waste has been placed as a priority by legal frameworks at the national and international levels. 29 The definitions of waste as a single term vary from country to country. For the European Union (EU), waste is regarded as all items that people deem no longer have any use for them, which they either intend to get rid of or already discarded (Anon a. , undated). Waste in the EU also refers to all items which people are required to discard, for example by law because of their hazardous properties. According to the South African Environmental Management Waste Act 59 of 2008, waste means any substance, whether or not that substance can be reduced, reused, recycled and recovered that is surplus, unwanted, rejected, iscarded, abandoned or disposed of; which the generator has no further use of for the purposes of production; that must be treated or disposed of; or that is identified as a waste by the Minister by notice in the Gazette, and includes waste generated by the mining, medical or other sector, but a by-product is not considered waste; and any portion of waste, once re-used, recycled and recovered, ceases to be waste (NEMWA, 2008). In the Namibian context, waste is referred to as any matter whether gaseous, solid or liquid or any combination thereof, which is from time to time listed by the Minister by notice in the Gazette or by regulation as an undesirable or superfluous by-product, emission, residue or a remainder of any process or activity (EMA, 2007). More other definitions exist in individual countries; however, they are all making a common point, that waste is unwanted, and should therefore be managed. Different types of wastes are produced by day-to-day human activities. Such waste can be classified as: municipal waste, commercial waste, industrial waste, household waste, hazardous waste, radioactive waste and other wastes. These are all in dire need of effective management. For the purpose of this dissertation, some waste management terminologies have been defined for clarification (see Table 2. 1). 30 Table 2. 1. Waste management terminologies definitions TERM Municipal waste Industrial waste TYPES OF WASTE Household waste Commercial waste Hazardous waste Radioactive waste Other wastes Waste reduction Waste minimization Waste prevention Waste treatment WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES DEFINITION Waste collected by municipalities independently of the source of waste. Type of waste produced by industrial activities. Waste normally generated from houses. Waste generated by commercial activities. Waste that could be an immediate threat to either human health or the environment. Waste containing radioactive elements. Unclassified discarded materials that have no value to the user. Reducing waste in terms of quantity. Reducing waste at its source, before it is even generated and through environmentally sound management practices. Measures aiming at reducing the quantity and the harmfulness of wastes to the environment. Processes (physical, thermal, chemical or biological) that change the characteristics of waste in order to reduce its volume or hazardous nature, facilitate its handling or enhance recovery. Waste disposal Any waste management operation serving or carrying out the final treatment and disposal of waste without any intention to negatively impact the environment. Recycling Re-use Reprocessing of waste materials for the original purpose or for other purposes. Any operation by which products are used on more than one occasions for the same purpose for which they were conceived or for other purposes, without the need for reprocessing. 2. 2. 2. 2. Fundamental Principles of Waste Management In order to avoid adverse impacts of waste in the environment, various waste management strategies that afford the protection of human health and the environment are implemented. Such strategies present the waste managers with challenges and opportunities of handling waste, as each strategy is applied based on the nature and amount of waste being handled (Christiansen, 1999). Waste management strategies are prioritized by individual choices, and this contributes to 31 achieving other priorities such as issues related to health, urban governance, employment, tourism development and resource recovery (RMG, undated; Soni, 2005). Moreover, responsible waste management requires a development of legal frameworks that set out laws and regulations specifically geared towards responsible implementation of the waste management strategies. The following waste management strategies are implemented in efforts to manage waste and for the purpose of reducing the environmental impacts of waste: 1) prevention of waste generation, 2) waste recovery (recycling, re-use and waste treatment) and 3) disposal of waste in an environmentally safe manner. In fact, this is the waste management hierarchy. In essence, the principles of waste management aim to promote sound environmental management. Consequently, if applied appropriately, important issues of concern such as protection of human health, protection of the environment at large, protection of resources for future generations as well as reduction of burdens for future generations will be addressed (Christiansen, 1999; Fatta Moll, 2003; Jacobsen Kristoffersen, 2002; STC, 2008) . Apart from the waste management strategies highlighted above, more other principles for responsible waste management have been developed, including: 1) the â€Å"polluter pays principle†, which requires the waste producers to pay for the waste generated or the damage caused; 2) the â€Å"user pays principle†, which requires the user of resources to pay the service providers for services offered on the management of the resources; 3) the â€Å"product-stewardship principle†, which requires the waste producer or importer of a waste product to take responsible steps towards the minimization of environmental impacts of the product; 4) awareness raising principle, which alerts the public of the consequences of irresponsible waste management and promotes the reduction of waste; and 5) the sustainable use of resources principle, which contributes to the reduction of waste in the environment (Vito Reibstein, 2008; EMA, 2007; Guiao, 2008; NEMWA, 2008; SoER, 2001; Winches ter et al. , 2002). Such principles, along with the waste management 32 hierarchy are implemented as efforts to fight the increasing waste volumes, wasting of resources and the negative environmental impacts. 2. 2. 1. 2. 2. 1. Waste Management Hierarchy The waste management hierarchy (as shown in Figure 2. 1) emphasizes that waste prevention should be an ultimate goal for any approach to waste management; after which the other options (recycling, re-use and treatment) can follow (STC, 2008). Thus if the hierarchy is effectively implemented, the waste to be disposed of after the first three hierarchical levels will be minimal. 2. 1. Figure 2. 1. Waste management hierarchy The waste management strategies presented in Figure 2. 1 should be viewed as being interconnected. Ultimately their hierarchy can be compared to the web of life where the members of species communities are interconnected within ecosystems (Capra, 1996; Capra, 1999). Communities operate as networks and are well organized. According to 33 Capra’s interpretation, ecosystems do not generate any waste. One species’ waste is another species’ food. This relationship can be related to the hierarchy of waste management, in which waste is passed between different hierarchy levels. What is discarded as waste in the first level is regarded as a resource in the second hierarchy level, while what is produced as waste from material recovery is fed into the third level for treatment; whereas the residue resulting from waste treatment is finally disposed of in the fourth level. Waste that cannot be treated or recycled can as well be disposed (Rousta, 2008). . 2. 1. 1. 2. 2. 1. 1. Waste Prevention In general, good waste management should start with preventing waste from being generated (Jacobsen Kristoffersen, 2002). This waste management strategy is a crucial aspect of sustainable urban management, as it reduces the amount of waste being pr oduced, while at the same time providing environmental protection. Reduction of waste is essential, given the fact that waste causes some pressure on the environment, including; leaching of nutrients, use of land for landfills, emission of greenhouse gases, air pollution, water pollution and secondary waste streams (Christiansen, 1999; STC, 2008; SWMD, 2008). According to Jacobsen Kristoffersen (2002), waste prevention should be placed as a high priority in waste management, particularly because it is the best way to stop the accumulation of waste and to reduce loss of resources. Preventing waste can be made possible through implementation of legal frameworks. However, forecasting the accuracy of such frameworks, for example policies is not possible (Christiansen, 1999). It is advisable that waste prevention should start at the source; which includes changing the mindset of handling waste, for example, shifting to cleaner production processes, using fewer resources in products and influencing consumer choice and demand in the market place in favor of less wasteful products and services (CEC, 2001). Berchtold (1995) has demonstrated proven profits from clean technologies for production industries. Responsibility over this waste management strategy lies in the hands of governments, local authorities and businesses (Botten Walmsley, 1994). 34 Re2. 2. 1. 2. Recycling and Re-use of Waste Materials Waste materials can be recovered through recycling and re-use processes. Recycling is a strategy used to recover value from waste for consumption (Starkey, 1998). Re-use refers to making use of discarded waste material products. These are waste minimization strategies that are implemented in order to reduce the amount of waste being generated (Jacobsen Kristoffersen, 2002). They are essential, particularly for the fact that they reduce the impact of waste in the environment. Even so, they are not 100% efficient. Recycling for example causes negative impacts on the environment through emissions as a result of waste material processing (Christiansen, 1999). As a strategy to reduce the life-cycle impacts of products, the use of materials that can easily be recycled is practiced (STC, 2008). Practically, recycling benefits the environment by reducing the use of virgin materials as well as toxicity in some instances (Rousta, 2008). In addition, recycling recovers a lot of waste while causing less waste to be disposed (Lorek et al. , 2001). In the view of re-using waste materials, discarding of materials to the waste stream is avoided, as this strategy does not require processing. As a result, re-use of waste materials can be of environmental benefit. Nevertheless, in any case the reuse of non-hazardous waste should consider the potential risk to human health and the environment at large (Townsend Carlson, 1997). 2. 2. 1. 3. 2. 2. 1. 3. Waste Treatment Third ranking in the waste management hierarchy, waste treatment is considered for the purpose of reducing the waste volume or its hazardous nature (Jacobsen Kristoffersen, 2002; Menge, 2009; WIP, 2009). Such a waste management strategy enhances energy recovery from waste through physical, chemical, biological or thermal processes. Any waste management method or technique that has been designed to change the physical, biological or chemical character of waste composition or recover/reduce the toxicity of waste in order to minimize the impacts of waste in the environment plays a role in waste treatment (WIP, 2009). 35 Treatment of waste is made possible through the use of various technologies, one of which is incineration. In this technique, waste is converted to gases or residues by thermal means. Incineration has been acknowledged as a useful way of recovering energy, while at the same time reducing the negative environmental impacts components, for example methane (Farah, 2002). According to Farah, approximately 70% of waste mass can be reduced, while about 90% of waste volume can be reduced through incineration. Despite its positive impacts, incineration can have negative environmental impacts, which can result from the emissions and solid residues produced and through the utilization of solid residues (Lorek et al. , 2001). Apart from incineration, other waste treatment means can also have negative impacts on the environment for example soil pollution, which can cause groundwater pollution in the end. In situations where water is scarce, wastewater can be treated and re-used to meet the water shortage and increasing needs (du Pisani, 2006; FAO, 2003; Menge, 2006). Wastewater treatment is a process through which contaminants are removed from wastewater and household sewage. Such a process may involve physical, chemical and biological processes to remove physical, chemical and biological contaminants (Menge, 2006; Wikipedia, 2009a). Through various stages of treatment, floating materials such as grease and oil are skimmed off; while the biological contents, for example, those derived from human waste, food waste, soaps and detergent are degraded. The organic materials and suspended solids are also removed. In the end, a liquid sludge is produced, which is further treated before the final disposal (Oaeb pers. comm. , 2009). So far there is no process that completely eliminates the need to dispose of solid residues/biosolids. In fact, wastewater treatment without residues would break the web of life, as described earlier, based on Capra’s interpretation of the web of life. Biosolids can be of advantage because they can be used for other purposes, such as fertilizer or as energy carrier for incineration. Some wastewater treatment plants also use biogas from anaerobic treatment for plant operations or electricity production or both (Berchtold pers. comm. , 2009). 36 Treated water can then be used for some purposes such as domestic consumption or for irrigation (du Pisani, 2006; FAO, 2003; Menge, 2009). If well managed, wastewater can have positive impacts on the environment and health. All the same, waste water can also have adverse effects on the environment and can have negative effects on soil, ground water, surface water bodies, crops and animal health (Mara Cairncross, 1989). 2. 2. 1. 4. 2. 2. 1. 4. Waste Disposal The least prioritized strategy of waste management is waste disposal. In this method, waste is buried, deposited, discharged, dumped or released in places where they remain for the long-term. In many cases, urban solid or hazardous wastes are deposited or dumped in specially engineered landfills (DWAF, 1998). This method is used as a final step to dispose the waste that cannot be recycled or treated, together with the residue that comes from the